(15 pt) Consider the linear system over R : ⎣⎡−121a0−1112⎦⎤⎣⎡x1x2x3⎦⎤=⎣⎡001⎦⎤where a is a constant. (1) Find all values of a so that the system has a unique solution. (2) Find all values of a so that the system has infinitely many solutions. (3) Find all values of a so that the system has no solution.
2.
(6 pt) Let W be the subspace of V=R4 spanned by (1,0,−1,2),(2,3,1,1), and (1,3,2,−1). Find a basis of the annihilator of W in V∗.
3.
(10 pt) Let a,λi∈C. (1) Find the characteristic polynomial of[λ1aaλ2].(2) Find the characteristic polynomial of⎣⎡3111121111−21111−3⎦⎤.
4.
(20 pt) Let V,W,U be finite–dimensional R-linear spaces and let T:V→W, S:W→U be linear maps. Show that rank(ST)=rank(T) if and only if ST and T have the same null space.
5.
(20 pt) Let V,W be finite–dimensional R-linear spaces and let T:V→W be a linear map and Tt:W∗→V∗ be the transpose of T. Given β∈W. Show that the following two statements are equivalent: (1) β∈Range(T); (2) for any f∈Null(Tt),f(β)=0.
6.
(13 pt) Let V be a finite–dimensional R-linear space and α=β∈V. Show that there exists a linear functional f∈V∗ such that f(α)=f(β).
7.
(16 pt) Consider 3 polynomials in C[x]:
p0=−(x−1)(x+1),p1=21x(x+1),p2=21x(x−1).Then a direct check shows that 1=p0(x)+p1(x)+p2(x) and x=p1(x)−p2(x). (No need to verify.) Let T:V→V be a linear map on a finite–dimensional C-linear space V, having minimal polynomial mT(x)=x(x−1)(x+1). Let Pi=pi(T). Show that P0,P1 and P2 satisfy the properties (1) I=P0+P1+P2; (2) T=P1−P2; (3) Pi2=Pi for all i; (4) Pi⋅Pj=0 for i=j.
821 秋高等代数 (英才班) 期中试题
1.
(20pt) Computations. All matrices and linear equations are over the real number field R. Write down the correct results of each question. (1) (7pt) Compute the inverse of ⎣⎡323−4−3−551−1⎦⎤; (2) (6pt) Compute the rank of A=⎣⎡242−1−2−1351−218472⎦⎤; (3) (7pt) Describe the solutions of A⎣⎡x1x2x3x4x5⎦⎤=⎣⎡351⎦⎤.
2.
(20pt) Let V,W be finite–dimensional R-linear spaces. Fix a positive integer n. Let α1,…,αn∈V, and β1,…,βn∈W. Prove that the following two statements are equivalent: (1) There is an R-linear map T:V→W such that Tαi=βi for all 1≤i≤n. (2) For any c1,…,cn∈R, if ∑i=1nciαi=0, then ∑i=1nciβi=0.
3.
(20pt) Let V,W be finite–dimensional R-linear spaces and let T:V→W be a linear map. For a subset U⊂W, denote T−1(U) to be the pre–image of U under T, that is, T−1(U)={α∈V∣T(α)∈U}. (1) (2pt) If W′ is a subspace of W, show that T−1(W′) is a subspace of V. (2) (4pt) Given 2 subspaces W1,W2⊂W. Show that T−1(W1+W2)=T−1(W1)+T−1(W2). (3) (14pt) Given 2 subspaces W1,W2⊂W. Show that the following two statements are equivalent: (a) W1∩W2∩R(T)={0} and T is injective. (b) dim(T−1(W1))+dim(T−1(W2))=dim(T−1(W1+W2)).
4.
(20pt) Given a positive integer n. A matrix A=[aij]∈Rn×n is called a magic matrix if the sum of entries in each column and each row is a fixed number, namely, ∑k=1nakj=∑k=1naik for all 1≤i,j≤n. A matrix A∈Rn×n is called a permutation matrix if in each column and each row, there is exactly one entry to be 1 and others are 0 (for example, the identity matrix In). Denote M to be the set of all magic matrices in Rn×n, and P to be the set of all permutation matrices in Rn×n. (1) (4pt) Compute ∣P∣. (2) (8pt) Compute the dimension of Span(M). (3) (8pt) Show that Span(M)=Span(P).
5.
(20pt) Let V be an R-linear space. Let T:V→V and S:V→V be invertible linear maps such that T−1=T and S−1=S. (1) (3pt) Show that (T−S)(T+S)=−(T+S)(T−S). (2) (3pt) Show that (T+S)2+(T−S)2=4I, where I is the identity map. (3) (14pt) Show thatR(ST−TS)=R(T−S)∩R(T+S).Here R(∗) is the range of the linear map.
920 秋高等代数 (英才班) 期末试题
1.
(10 points) Let A=⎣⎡−1−1−1−20−1021⎦⎤; let x=⎣⎡x1x2x3⎦⎤; let b1=⎣⎡l−1−1−1⎦⎤ and b2=⎣⎡00−1⎦⎤; (1) find all solutions of the system Ax=b1; (2) find all solutions of the system Ax=b2.
2.
(10 points) Let T:R3→R3 be a linear transformation, given by the 3×3 matrix A :A=⎣⎡10−1−1100−11⎦⎤Let B=⎩⎨⎧⎣⎡110⎦⎤,⎣⎡010⎦⎤,⎣⎡001⎦⎤⎭⎬⎫, (1) show that B is a basis of R3; (2) find [T]B, which is a 3×3 matrix.
3.
(15 points) (1) Let A=⎣⎡0111101111011110⎦⎤, find detA; (2) let B=⎣⎡011001c0c1c2⎦⎤, find its characteristic polynomial det(xI−B); (3) Find an n×n matrix C so that its characteristic polynomialdet(xI−C)=xn+cn−1xn−1+⋯+c1x+c0Prove it.
4.
(15 points) Let T:V→W be linear transformation between two finite dimensional R vector spaces. Show that dimNull(T)+dimRange(T)=dimV.
5.
(15 points) Let T:R2→R2 be a linear transformation given by A=[101−1], (1) we know c1=1 is an eigenvalue of A; find the other eigenvalue c2; further for each eigenvalue c1 and c2, find one of its associated eigenvector; (2) write the minimal polynomial of A as p(x)=(x−c1)(x−c2); let pi(x)=(x−ci). Show that each Null(pi(x)∣x=A) is the span of one of the eigenvectors found; (3) Following Theorem 12 of Section 6, we know that there are projections E1 and E2:R2→R2 so thatT=c1E1+c2E2Find the matrix forms A1 and A2, of E1 and E2, respectively; verify the above identity.
Let A be an n×n matrix. We know that the row space (resp. column space) of A is the span of the row vectors (resp. column vectors) of A; the row rank of A is the dimension of its row space, same to the column rank. Answer the following question; when asked why, give a brief reason.
6.
(17 points) Let A′ be derived from A via a sequence of row operations. Answer the following questions: (1) Are the row spaces of A and A′ the same? Do they have identical dimensions? Why? (2) Are the column spaces of A and A′ the same? Do they have identical dimensions? Why? (3) In case A′ is in Echelon form, how to read the row rank of A′ ? and how to read off the column rank A′ ?
7.
(18 points) Let T:R6→R6 be a linear transformation, having characteristic polynomial
f(x)=(x−1)3(x+1)3.
Let W±=Null((T±I)3). Show that (1) W−and W+are T invariant, namely TW±)⊂W±; (2) R6=W−⊕W+.
1020 秋高等代数 (英才班) 期中试题
1.
(20pt) Computations. Write down the correct results of each question. (1) (5 pt) Compute the inverse of ⎣⎡312−1422−31⎦⎤; (2) (5 pt) Compute the rank of ⎣⎡174−1752171−139−1−35⎦⎤; (3) (5 pt) Describe the solutions of5x1+3x2+5x3+12x42x1+2x2+3x3+5x4x1+7x2+9x3+4x4=10=4=2(4) (5 pt) Let A=⎣⎡14151134111211311111⎦⎤, find an invertible matrix P such that PA is a row–reduced echelon matrix.
2.
(20 pt) Let V be an R-linear space. Consider two finite subsets S,T of V. Suppose that S is linearly independent, and T spans V. Show that for any integer 0≤k≤min{∣S∣,∣T∣}, we can find subsets Sk⊆S,Tk⊆T, such that ∣Sk∣=∣Tk∣=k and (T∖Tk)∪Sk spans V.
3.
(20 pt) Let V be an n-dimensional R-linear space. Consider an R-linear map T:V→V satisfying T2=−I. (1) (5 pt) Show that for any non-zero α∈V, {α,Tα} is linearly independent. (2) (10 pt) Show that we can find an ordered basis of V of the form{α1,Tα1,α2,Tα2,…,αk,Tαk}.(3) (3 pt) Write down the matrix of T relative to the ordered basis in (2). (4) (2 pt) Show that any two matrices A,B∈Rn×n satisfying A2=B2=−In are similar to each other.
4.
(20 pt) Let m,n,k,l be positive integers. Consider two matrices A∈Rm×n and B∈Rk×l. Consider the R-linear map T:Rn×k→Rm×l defined by T(X)=AXB.
(1) (8 pt) Show that T is invertible if and only if m=n,k=l, and A,B are invertible. (2) (12 pt) Compute r(T) in terms of r(A) and r(B).
5.
(20 pt) Let V,W,Z be finite–dimensional R-linear spaces. Consider two linear maps T:V→W and U:W→Z. Prove that
(1) (10 pt) r(UT)=r(U) if and only if there exists a linear map S:W→V such that UTS=U. (2) (10 pt) r(UT)=r(T) if and only if there exists a linear map S′:Z→W such that S′UT=T.